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Chiropractic Principles: Subluxations

  • Anthony Ciccarelli
  • Nov 17, 2015
  • 3 min read

The term subluxation was initially founded by the father of chiropractic D.D. Palmer who defined the word as being one or more misaligned vertebrae causing impingement of adjacent nerves (1). Palmer believed that this interfered with the function of the nerve, essentially leading to dysfunction or disease in the organs served by that nerve (1). Since Palmers time, and the adoption of the term subluxation, a popular debate has risen among the health professions, including chiropractors, to what truly encompasses the term subluxation.

An important issue with respect to the term subluxation is simply the way it is defined between health professions. As explained by Budgell (2), various health disciplines, such as medicine, nursing and chiropractic all have their own particular dialects when discussing certain terms. They attach their own special meanings to shared words. Therefore just like other health disciplines, chiropractic has its own unique language. When D.D. palmer coined the term subluxation, he described that it was the subluxation and nothing more that was the root of all dysfunction and disease (2). As understanding of the neuromuscluoskeletal structure and function advanced, modifications to this original theory were implemented. Chiropractors today have continuously updated their description of what truly defines a subluxation, however others feel as though the term should be replaced as it holds much burden (2).

Today with the help of research, the clinical model for subluxation and what it entails has been redefined in the chiropractic profession, although some individuals still believe strongly in the ‘Palmerian’ concept. Biomechanically when a tissue is injured, a deformation occurs that is inconsistent to the intended function (i.e. buckling), or tissue damage (1). Furthermore as discussed in the literature, it has been theorized that in fact a combination of biomechanical and clinical changes are occurring at the area of subluxation. Collectively, these changes have been referred to as the ‘subluxation complex’ (2). Researchers and chiropractors have grouped these changes into 5 main groups: kinesiopathology, myopathology, neuropathology, histopathology and pathophysiology (2). Kinesiopathology refers to the loss of normal vertebral positioning and motion in relation to neighbouring vertebrae. Myopathology refers directly to changes in the musculature in and around the spinal column. These changes may include pathological such as changes hypertonicity, spasming, and weakness. Neuropathology pertains to irritation or injury to spinal nerve roots through compression and/or stretch. Pathological changes that occur to the spinal tissues itself such as abnormal bony growths or degeneration of spinal discs is known as histopathology. The last change observed with subluxation involves the pathophysiology, which is described as biochemical changes in the spinal region. Such changes may include inflammation from injured tissues and accumulation of biochemical waste products (3). In collaboration, these changes induce a variety of responses in the body that can lead to a number of specific clinical cases or syndromes associated with the subluxation apart from those mentioned. For instance axoplasmic aberration may arise, affecting the axoplasmic transport as a result of spinal nerve root compression or irritation (3).

The spinal adjustment, or manipulation, has been a fundamental technique used to address subluxations within the chiropractic profession. Although the precise mechanism has not been identified for why manipulation tends to address the issue, a number of theories have been suggested. The first theory is that manipulation overcomes muscle spasm by resetting muscle spindles, ultimately relaxing the hypertonic musculature (4). Manipulation has also been shown to improve joint function and mobility by breaking scar tissue and increasing joint lubrication (4). It has also been shown that as a result of spinal manipulation, endorphins are released from the brain, ultimately suppressing the perception of pain experienced by the patient (4). Still today, some practitioners believe solely in the ‘Palmerian’ ideology of subluxation. They believe that an adjustment will move the vertebra solely so that it stops irritating the nerve (4). It is important to understand that all these potential mechanisms would interact with one another; therefore it is most likely a combination of these theories that allows spinal manipulation to be such an effective method of treatment.

References

1. Haldeman S. Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.; 2005.

2. Budgell B. Subluxation. E-mail to Dr. Karin Hammerich (KHammerich@cmcc.ca) 2015 Nov [cited 2015 November 11].

3. Leach R. The Chiropractic Theories. United States of America: Wolters Kluwer health; 2003.

4. Ross K. The Chiropractic Theories: How does Spinal Manipulation Exert it’s Clinical Effect? [online lecture], Canadian Memorial Chiroporactic Collage; lecture given 2015 Nov 3.


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CP Small Group Reflection- Should any of these activities not be permitted?

1. Has anyone seen a chiropractor that does pre-payment or blocked plans?

 

Group discussion:
 

As a group we do not think the profession should allow for blocked payment plans. We feel like it is a scam, is unethical and that it undermines the profession. We think that pre-payment options should be allowed on a patient by patient basis, and if they are discharged prior to completing the amount of treatments they paid for that the extra appointments should be credited to their account to be used at another time. 

 

Group discussion:

 

This form of payment was ok to us as a group. We did not see an issue with this form of payment but some people in our group, were unsure if they would implement this in their practice or not, but is something they would probably consider in the future. Especially if patients were asking about it as it is more convenient for the patient and front desk staff, especially if the patient comes in often.

 

 

                2. Open concept style of practice?

  • Definitely benefits to this, but also cons as well

  • Prevents individuals from discussing certain topics that they may not be comfortable with discussing in front of people

  • Can be beneficial because different patients get different treatments that these patients may not recognize our profession can help with. Example the one patient gets treated for headaches and the second patient didn’t realize we can help with these. This can promote your concept

  • This allows you to be pretty social but not seeing serious conditions

  • This makes us different from other healthcare practitioners and can further give us a negative name

 

Group discussion:

 

We did not think open concept styles of practice are appropriate. We are primary health care practitioners and some of the information patients share with us is sensitive, and therefore should be discussed in private. Furthermore, patients would be less inclined to share information with their practitioner if it was in an open concept room. We also feel that because our patients are paying for our services that they should have our undivided attention during their treatment time and that they should be our number one priority. This type of relationship is easier to maintain in a closed off space where the patient can have your undivided attention that is free from distractions or interruptions. However, we felt that an open concept style could be appropriate when passive care (ie. Modalities) is being done. 

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